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Recognizing Deductive Validity
in valid deductive argument if premises are true guarantee truth of conclusion. Many valid bu bad arguments have 1 or more false premise.
no valid deductive argument can have true premises & false conclusion
valid deductive argument can have any combination but one of true & false premises & conclusion. Invalid deductive arguments can have true premises, true conclusions, false conclusions - anything goes.
Single if-then statement isn't argument
If A, then B. A. therefore, B. - valid
If A, then B. B. therefore, A. - invalid
If A, then B. Not B. so, not A. - valid
If A, then B. Not A. so, not A. - invalid
"when" or "whenever" = "if"