Types of Inductive Arguments

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Inductive Generalization (IG): we reason from sample of cases to conclusion that is generalization about sampled group. We conclude that whole group or most of it is like sample.

Inductive Analogy - Several Cases (IA-S): We reason from sample of cases to conclusion about additional similar (analogous) case. We reason that next case will be like all previous ones.

Inductive Analogy - 2 Cases (IA-2): We reason that 2 very similar (analogous) individuals, situations, or events also probably share another characteristic.

A is like B in ways x, y, z, etc. B has characteristic C. So, A probably also has characteristic C.

Hypothetical Induction (HI): Conclusion is hypothesis intended to best explain facts stated in premises.

Evaluation of types of inductive arguments

to be good...must have....

IG: true premises; valid - sample of cases in premises shouldn't be too small; as unbiased as possible - sample of cases in premises should be representative & have good cross-section.

IA-S: true premises; valid - sample of cases shouldn't be too small & new case in conclusion should be similar to cases in premises in relevant aspects; unbiased - sample of cases in premises is representative & relevant differences btwn. new & old cases shouldn't be suppressed.

IA-2: true premises; valid - 2 cases compared should be relevantly similar; unbiased - relevant differences btwn. 2 cases shouldn't be suppressed.

HI: true premises; valid - there shouldn't be better explanation for evidence in premises. look for testable explanation that ties together all info. in premises in manner consistent w/ background info. while making min. # of assumptions needed ("simplicity" or Occam's Razor); unbiased - evidence that undermines conclusion shouldn't be suppressed.